1. Pattern Design:

   - The pattern must account for shrinkage as the metal cools.

   - It’s crucial to include features like draft angles to facilitate easy removal from the mold.

2. Cooling Channels:

   - Incorporating cooling channels within the mold can enhance heat transfer and improve cooling rates.

   - This helps reduce the risk of defects caused by uneven cooling.

3. Ventilation:

   - Proper ventilation must be designed into the mold to allow gases to escape during the pouring process.

   - This minimizes the chances of gas entrapment, which can lead to flaws in the casting.

4. Material Selection:

   - The choice of mold material affects the thermal conductivity, durability, and overall performance of the mold.

   - Consideration of the operating temperature and the type of metal being cast is essential.